A composite beam can be highly resistant, stiff and lightweight in design, benefitting from the combined strengths of concrete and steel. Your Cart. Following New Zealand and international 2017 Nelson® Stud Welding Stud, Ferrule & Accessory Catalog This catalog is designed to be a user-friendly source of online information about the Nelson Stud Welding line of studs, anchors, pins, and the standard accessories used to weld them. The dimensions of the specimens were 480 × 450 × 450 mm. pdf. SHEAR STUD definition: a stud that transfers shear stress between metal and concrete in composite structural. The app offers optimized steel deck design solutions based on cost or labor for a given shear and uplift. In infill walls, the shear connectors lie. 2. concrete as shown in Figure 4. The second detail is the more common New Zealand edge detail as it gives a robust slab edge anchorage than the third detail. Shear stress (often denoted by τ ( Greek: tau )) is the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. In the erection, the concrete deck is at first prefabricated in the casting yard with a series. Select an existing feature definition from the drop-down list to use for object being placed. (13 mm) studs. Learn about the options to define shear studs either by starting from existing configurations or by creating complete new ones. The shear capacity given in the tables must be reduced for large packings, large grip lengths, kidney shaped slots or long joints when applicable. 2,. Q s = shear strength of one shear stud. 173 80 13. This paper intends to study the load sharing mechanism between the shear studs and sheeting in push tests through the. ReidBar™ is manufactured in both New Zealand and Australia and satisfies the requirements of the standard for “Steel Reinforcing Materials, AS/NZS4671:2001”. Type a prefix value to use for all objects set using this Feature. The concrete strength was C30, the steel plate was made of Q345 steel and had a thickness of 10 mm. 3 Past research on the theoretical strength of shear connectors 2. The head should have a diameter of not less than 1. As mentioned above, the most common form of provision for shear connection is the headed stud, welded to the top flange. . The value of γM2 must be provided manually when different than 1. Mechanical Properties. In. 4. (OC spacing means measuring the distance between the centers of two adjacent studs . Construction Information Limited PO Box 108 214 Newmarket, Auckland, 1149 New Zealand. J P Industries. A total of 102 push-out tests were carried out on standard test specimens with varying parameters including concrete types (normal weight, lightweight and ultra-lightweight), concrete strengths, and types of J-hook connectors. Under vertical load, the stud connector was in a combined stress state of tension-bending-shear, the bending moment at the core was the largest, and the bending deformation started from the root. Positioning. The first application was to secure wood decking on submarines, but was quickly adopted and used on battleships. nz IKING GROUP is a professional manufacturer of shear stud connector and stud welding machine for about 30 years with ISO CE certificate. ) and 22. The combination of a concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) column and reinforced concrete (RC) beam produces a composite structural system that affords good structural performance, functionality, and workability. 6. Practical implementations3. Duplicate an Existing Shear Stud When setting up to create new shear studs, it is easier and faster to start from an existing configuration that is closest to your requirements and modify only some of the parameters to obtain your. The terms “stud welding” and “shear stud” are commonly used in the process of attaching steel frames to composite floor constructions. Used to add shear studs on steel girder and slab type bridge. SHEAR AND BENDING i. shear stud synonyms, shear stud pronunciation, shear stud translation, English dictionary definition of shear stud. The head should have a diameter of not less than 1. It makes calculations for any solution generated and produces a submittal package that includes fastener information, code reports, Factory Mutual reports, Appendix VII of DDM03, coating information and tools for. 9 times the diameter of the stud, the stud group effect would not work. In this video you can get clear idea bout;1. concrete over 3 in. Title: Modeling of Shear Studs for Composite Bridges with Haunches Author(s): Cem Korkmaz, Robert J. Welding defects significantly lower the shear capacity of studs, as is widely known. 64 . 250mm. Hilti web-based software available to aid optimum. Our drawings clearly indicate that the studs should be welded on the center. Shear strength of bolts. Portable solution which can be moved around the jobsite easily without the need for pulling electric cables. • Wall / Floor • Core Wall / Shear Wall Joints • Core Wall / Stair Landings • Slab / Slab RB12TI108>61 107 124144 56. Reduces the amount of reinforcement needed. Download the PDF to find the best product for your needs, with detailed specifications and images. co. Under the same concrete type and stud diameter, the ultimate shear capacities of the specimens with 80 mm and 120 mm stud lengths. 75 16 H4L 165 101-053-019 direction of the shear force and some spacing restrictions High-shear load areas in concrete construction. 099 150 14. The conventional construction requires a long. The table below is based on 7/16″ wood structural panel sheathing values in SDPWS Table 4. HST Stud anchor 10 / 2012 135 values according ETAG 001, Annex C. Normally the shear studs are welded, with a spot welder, after the metal deck is installed over the supporting structural steel. Health and Safety. The shear studs are designed to effectively tie the concrete slabs to the beams. To investigate the shear performance and failure mechanism of stud shear connectors in steel fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (SFRCC) beams, six steel-SFRCC and six steel-normal strength concrete (NC) push-out specimens with two heights (80 mm, 120 mm) and three diameters (14 mm, 18 mm, 22 mm) of stud connectors were. 0mm. Its profile has been specially designed with trough stiffeners and side laps positioned to guarantee centrally placed shear studs. Used to add shear studs on steel girder and slab type bridge. 6dstud < 12 in. These fasteners secure beams and resist loading between concrete and steel components in a composite construction. 2-0. WEB178415. 0 Released on July 30, 2014. co. above the deck and ½ in. Refer to Figure 1. Need drag strut/collector to get shear to solid portion. Get a Quote. 6 62. Building and bridge deck construction incorporates large numbers of studs , ranging from 10, 000 to more than 200,000 at a single location. Reduces the amount of reinforcement needed. 1:2014 Structural steel welding – – Part 1: Welding of steel structures - Australian/New Zealand Standards – published on 2 December 2014. The tests were designed to evaluate the shear resistance of 19 mm headed studs (h sc = 100 mm) welded onto a steel plate of a thickness t = 30 mm in which a butt weld already exist (d/t = 0. This reduction occurs due to low-cycle fatigue of the stud/weld materials as well as concrete degradation. and AISC 360-16 design models for predicting the resistance of headed stud shear connectors within profiled steel sheeting, when the. (13 and 19 mm) studs showed that there is in fact a significant “size-effect” on the order of 3 ksi (21 MPa), with the 3/4 in. 00 ex GST. Therefore, thirty-six push-out test specimens were. Nelson shear studs can be welded on either side of the center rib depending on the position of the sheet with respect to the support beam. Steel STC Bridge Floor In advanced Steel-STC bridge floor fabrication, Φ13 x 27 to Φ13 x 38 shear studs are widely used. NZS 3604:1990 cites NZS 4203:1992 General structural design and design loadings for buildings - SPONSORED. This combined strength allows you to design thinner beams, using less material, than when. 2 Structural steel welding Part 2: Stud Welding (steel studs to steel) Konnect Fastening Systems NZ are proud to stock and procure New Zealand's largest range of Fasteners, Hardware, Power Tools & More. Minimum number of shear studs required to develop the controlling moment (anywhere along a span) are distributed uniformly between the point of maximum bending moment and the adjacent points of zero moment (on each side of the point. The dimensions of the specimens were 480 × 450 × 450 mm. In the drawing area, select the steel elements to connect. LNG Station Fabrication LNG station fabrication uses highest standard SINOARS shear connectors, Φ19 x 150 and Φ16 x 150. In other words, I would design the shear studs in tension. 85 This paper reviews international practice for the design of shear connectors for secondary beams and highlights the lack of consistency in the various clauses accounting for stud location, stud. 5 d sc from the bottom of the concrete deck, where d sc is the diameter of the shear connector. nz Shear Connector Studs. 9. Alternatives to through-bolts (i. 667. Material Steel. × 5 in. They are also known as lag screws or. The shear performance of studs improves with the increasing stud diameter and yield strength. For ribs perpendicular to the beam, clause 6. A. 2. 3m, 3. An important note for the reader . TGN, Technical Guidance Notes; TGN Online (Requires Register or Login)Our wall framing calculator is extremely easy to use! You only need two values: The stud OC (on-center) spacing; and. Finally, when its shear capacity reached the ultimate load, the specimen rattled, and the stud connector broke from the root (Fig. $113. When welded to base metal, it will be approximately 5mm shorter after. 875-892. Shear studs are provided at a maximum spacing of eight times the slab thickness or 36 in (whichever is lesser). Cited By This resource is cited by 26 documents (show Citations) Cites This resource cites 1 document (show Citations) Description. where A s is the cross-sectional area of the stud diameter d (mm 2 units), f c is the concrete cylinder compressive strength (N/mm 2), and E c is the static modulus of elasticity of the concrete (N/mm 2). Nelson shear. 55bmt Stud with Hem 251 92mm x 0. below the top of the concrete. 2 Stresses and moduli 6. AS/NZS 1554. 2 is adopted. Check the combined tension and shear capacity according to NZS 3101:2006, Clause 17. 0 m size. Individual Full-Height Shear Wall: i. Failure occurs in perimeter defined away from the concentrated load. The welding of shear studs in steel-concrete composite construction is governed by standards that ensure the appropriate weld quality is achieved (SCNZ, 2020b). 22. 1; BS 5400; AS/NZ 1554The shear connector studs, when welded to base metal will be approximately 5mm shorter after weld and when welded through deck 10mm shorter after weld. However, the specific placement and layout of the shear studs provided in flat plates tends to vary. To validate the constructability and the mechanical performance of the new connection, two series of. In order to study the shear behavior of a group of shear studs placed on a composite beam, a total of 16 pushout tests were conducted, including 4 specimens with cast-in-place (CIP) concrete decks and 12 specimens with precast concrete (PC) decks. 1R-99 and Euro code but the only thing about shear studs that I could find in AS3600 was in the AS 3600 commentary C9. The concrete slab used is made of a reactive. Nelson headed shear connectors deliver code specified shear strength values as used in composite construction, securing concrete to steel structural components. Fortress Bolt & Nut Range 2017 is a comprehensive catalogue of high-quality fasteners for various applications, from construction to engineering. 0 kN Screw Type 17-14g x 35mm 3. 1; AS/NZ 1554. Kalibhat & Upadhyay studied the deformation behavior of steel–concrete composite girders with partial interaction, considering several factors, such as the geometry of the cross-section, degree of shear connection, span length, and configuration of shear stud connectors. Positioning. 2 Shear walls and diaphragms Section 6 Plywood 6. 25. . As the plate is directly fastened to the stud, all load is transferred efficiently. 94. In addition to yielding valuable fatigue data, the test results provide evidence of the effects of redundancy and the value of beam tests, rather than push tests, for assessing and. Sketch the shape of the shear stud pattern on the element face. For BS 5950, Fu is not used by the program. The value of γM2 must be provided manually when different than 1. 62% and 16. Boh Runga. Check the spacing of shear connectors Since each flute is 12 in. Reversed cyclic loading resulted in an almost 40% reduction in shear stud capacity compared to static capacities. P S = p s A s. 2; BS 5400 and GB/T10433 etc. 6m and 4. ComFlor is manufactured in New Zealand by Steel & Tube under license from Tata Steel UK. Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand. Headed Concrete anchors are available for welding to flat surfaces, inside angles and outside angles. The static and fatigue behavior of stud connection is sophisticated and affects the design resistance and stiffness of composite beams [3], [4]. Therefore, the minimum length after weld (LAW) should be 95mm for the TR60+ or R51 and 115mm for TR80+. 00. 4: Fv,Rd = αv ⋅ fub ⋅ A / γM2. Some sizes available in split threads for example UNF on one end and UNC on the other. , and the number of shear studs in each transverse row. v 3 =227 plf: Use 7/16 OSB with a 6:12 nailing pattern which has an allowable load of 336 plf. Galvanising of ChemSet™ Anchor Studs meets Australian Standards. Find here Shear Stud, Shear Connector suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, traders with Shear Stud prices for. Once you select the beam group on which you want to place the Shear Stud group, the Place Shear Studs dialog opens. Designed to interconnect the concrete slab to the load bearing steel beams. Since 1939, Nelson ® has been creating powerful, cost-effective stud welding fasteners and equipment — providing engineered components, split-second fastening, training, and application support that improve productivity for construction, nuclear, shipbuilding, and industrial markets. Besides equipment, shear stud connectors can be produced based on the standard of EN ISO 13918; AWS D1. 6. Typically each adult sheep is shorn once each year (depending upon dialect, a sheep may be said. Stud welding, also known as drawn arc stud welding and arc welding, is the action of welding a shear stud to a metal object, for example, a metal deck. . 1. 2:00 PM – 3:30 PMShear Studs:Our Playlist:stud welding, shear studs are used to secure framed buildings by creating a shear connection between steel and concrete. Open An Account with Us. [11] AS 4100:1998 Steel structures – Australian Standards – publish– ed on 5 June 1998 – Reconfirmed in 2005 – Including amendment no 1. Our Team. NEW D6L A706 Stud Weldable Rebar. 2 Comparison be tween the I2 and 3/4in. 27kgs in the table, but it is only 0. . Get reviews and contact details for each business including phone number, postcode, opening hours and photos. 6 129the interface shear transfer provisions in chapter 16. Earlier reported push-off test results exhibited a shearThe shear capacity of the bolt is given by . This work experimentally investigates the effects of shear stud characteristics on the interface slippage of steel-concrete composite push-out specimens. Representing the days of shearing sheep with a good set of old hand shears Size:Height - 10mmThickness- 2. Nelson Stud Auckland 46 Patiki Road Avondale, Auckland Phone: 09 820-9133 Email: [email protected] Nelson Stud Wellington 91b St Andrews Road Plimmerton PORIRUA 5026 Phone: 04 233-8131 Fax: 04 233-1072Used to develop composite action, shear studs must behave in a ductile manner and dependably transfer shear force between the steel and concrete elements. PUNCHING SHEAR5. Auckland Bridge- New Zealand Bon Air Bridge Bay Bridge-San Francisco-Oakland Blast Protection of Bridges Carquinez Bridges Seismic Retrofit Earthquake Damage Investigation-Iran. So I went ahead and replaced all the studs and nuts wit OEM parts. 4. Technical Support on all Contract Connections. 2mm. Nelson. 1 General 6. Login : Shopping Cart (0) About Us. A. The stud diameter and yield strength have a significant effect on the shear behavior of studs. The primary parameters considered include reserved hole shape, loading path, and deck. 2005). Enquire: comflortechnical@steelandtube. We can produce the shear stud shear connector based on the GB/T10433; EN ISO 13918; AWS D1. 25 × 1. Nelson Stud Auckland 46 Patiki Road Avondale, Auckland Phone: 09 820-9133 Email: [email protected] Nelson Stud Wellington 91b St Andrews Road Plimmerton PORIRUA 5026 Phone: 04 233-8131 Fax: 04 233-1072 The DSD is the original two-part, double dowel, shear load connector. Machine shearing a Merino, Western Australia. Download scientific diagram | Steel plate with shear stud details from publication: The Effect of Steel Plates with Shear Studs for Weak Column–Strong Beam Connections in the Reinforced Concrete. 0m, 3. ComFlor is manufactured in New Zealand by Steel & Tube under license from Tata Steel UK. The ComFlor® composite floor decks range continues to set new standards in construction technology across New Zealand and is one of the market leaders in composite steel flooring systems. Historical structural steelwork handbook. Shear stud clusters embedded in shear pockets are applied to create composite action between precast decks and steel girders. 7/28/2019 Shear Stud Cap in Steel Decks 1/20SHEAR STUD CAPACITY IN PROFILED STEELDECKSRAED J. UK Contracts; Export Contracts; Car Parks. 6 Cast-in Anchor NZS 3101:2006, Clause 17. 37 31. Based on the correlation analysis, the. National Technical Manager (Aus/NZ), Ancon Building Products Pty Ltd T/A Leviat Abstract: Double-headed studs are used as punching shear reinforcement in reinforced or prestressed slabs and footings. The feasibility of two types of high-strength bolts in rehabilitation for old. He obtained hisBE at the University…NZS 3604:1990 cites NZS 3631:1988 New Zealand timber grading rules - SPONSORED. Some sizes available in split threads for example UNF on one end and UNC on the other. Shear Stud Installation. The shearer is using a sling for back support. If the wall runs perpendicular (at a 90-degree angle) to the joists, there is a good chance that it is a load-bearing wall. 1. 3. Validate. A good number of studs are usually required along the bridge span. Full range in stock: 16mm,19mm,22mm,25mm from 50mm law to 300mm law. Stainless Steel ChemSet™ Anchor Studs are high corrosion resistant AISI 316 (A4). Lengths for. Welded headed studs and bolts (grade 8. According to the shear friction theory (ACI 318-14 chapter 22. AS/NZS 1552. Because of the inter connection or composite construction resists shear loading between the concrete and steel beams. Many features have beenAn additional three steel–concrete composite using shear studs were fabricated, which were numbered as B1, B2, and B3. Fastener Type Shear Stud. 9-0. Solution: If the desired tag is not found within the main Annotations folder, check each of the subfolders to see if the tag is available. This includes using 25 × 1 mm galvanised steel straps to secure the lintel to the trimming stud and the trimming stud to a floor joist or solid blocking as shown in Figure 8. 1. Contact Supplier. Ask a Shearstud Ltd representative for other lengths available for specific applications. Strong-Drive® SDWS Timber Screw Limit States-Reference Characteristic Load Values (N) for Timber-to-Timber Connections1,2,3,4,5 Model Screw Length (mm) Timber. Varma Publication: Structural Journal Volume: 119 Issue: 6 Appears on pages(s): 129-140 Keywords: concrete breakout; finite element (FE); haunch; shear stud; tensile DOI: 10. 8 carbon steel to get the most out of adhesive tensile capacities and provide higher shear capacities than regular Grade 4. A Complete Guide to Coach Screws. 50bmt Stud with Hem 403 76mm x 0. The most common diameters of steel shear studs used in composite bridge construction are 19. This paper presents a push-out experimental study of three groups of shear stud connectors to investigate the impact of the shear stud diameter and yield strength on shear stud bearing. Time and Amps by Stud Diameter. 3. Meadowlark. ), why this about 5% difference? Please see the following: The main reason for the difference is tolerance of the shear connector, normally the manufacturer produces as per the. The recommended minimum concrete cover to the top of the stud is 15mm, this should be increased to 20mm if the shear stud is to be protected against corrosion. NZ Designers Designer New Arrivals. 4. Orthogonal. Generally the shear studs will be welded, with a spot welder (known as ferrule), after the metal deck is installed over the supporting structural steel. 15 dia. 0 m), and the embodied carbon of the materials. NOTE: Ferrules are component parts of studs. headed shear stud, stud shear capacity, stud pull-out failure, full. Improved push specimen, according to Hicks and Smith (2014) 2. Spacing 4 times diameter between studs in plane perpendicular to the shear force and 6 times diameter in the direction of the shear force is generally adequate to develop full stud capacity 9. Available in Mild steel and High Tensile in various Threads, and in Black, Zinc plated, and Stainless steel. 2, 13 H4L 205 101-053-010 studs in a plane perpendicular to the shear force and six H 16 H4L 68 101-053-012 times diameter in the direction of the shear force is generally 16 H4L 106 101 -053 015 adequate to develop full stud capacity. 6 Cast-in Anchor NZS 3101:2006, Clause 17. Final stud counts and placement are determined per ANSI/AISC 360-10 I3. Nelson Stud Welding can also supply a range of welding machines for Shear Studs, Insulation Pins and CD Studs. The stud is held in the welding gun and an arc is. By exploring new test setups and considering. 7 H4L 205 101-053-010 studs in a plane perpendicular to the shear force and six H 15. Click Steel tab Fabrication Elements panel (Shear Studs). The punching shear perimeter is considered as the. 8) are. The primary improvement is the use of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) as the connection grout. We will weld the studs to the beams through the deck sheet. IKING GROUP is a professional manufacturer of shear stud shear connector and stud welding machine for about 30 years with ISO CE certificate. 2; BS 5400 and GB/T10433 etc. This equation, which was adopted in CP 117 ([34,35] in Chapter 2), assumes concrete crushing failure rather than a shear failure of the headed stud. 4, and 0. diameter studs to provide the same strength as ¾-in. The headed shear studs were welded to the web of the section using a stud gun to adhere to common construction. Weld studs, including concrete anchors and shear connectors, are manufactured by Tru-Weld Stud Welding in The United States. Headed stud is well-known shear connector, which is usually welded to the steel beam of the composite beams to connect the steel beam to the concrete slab to achieve the required composite action and limits the interface slip. This Standard sets out requirements for general structural design and design loadings for buildings, including the supports for services entering and within buildings, parts and. This means that in the Shear stud dialog, for each specific shear stud type, you have. NOTE: Ferrules are component parts of studs. Results from composite push-out specimens tested at low stress. 25. NOT SOLD SEPARATELY. (19 mm) studs having a shorter fatigue life than the /2 in. We can produce the shear stud connector based on the GB/T10433 EN ISO 13918; AWS D1. 2 Types of shear connection . Nelson Stud Auckland 46 Patiki Road Avondale, Auckland Phone: 09 820-9133 Email: [email protected] Nelson Stud Wellington 91b St Andrews Road Plimmerton PORIRUA 5026 Phone: 04 233-8131 Fax: 04 233-1072 S-0. Studs & Equipment. Tension and shear properties are based on 0. 00. 6. Take storey heights =3m. Traditional practice is to provide a line of double columns. Angle Brace can be used as an anti-sag mechanism for purlins or girts. The perfect accessory for every day, shop our extensive range. Shear Stud Connector Type SD (AS/NZ 1554. If eleven studs are required for the design, they would be detailed as “11-333” on the decking layout. All;. They are primarily used for holding together heavy timber, fixing metal to timber and in some cases masonry or concrete. 5 of the average maximum load for screws tested in tension and shear, respectively. Nelson Stud provides stud welding. Made to order lengths areUDC 624. The shear studs are the primary horizontal shear resistance component in the composite element and are the only code-approved method. Based on the wedge block model, a modified compression-dispersion model. Minimum number of shear studs required to develop the. 252 60 15. Category Anchors. 1 b, the studs are uniformly placed along the longitudinal direction of the deck, and the continuous post-cast strip is left to accommodate the studs instead of the hole. The damage of the stud and concrete may have a great influence on the shear fatigue performance of the interface. 1. All of our shear studs are European in source and adhere to all of the required British and European standards, and are manufactured in accordance with the requirements of BS EN ISO 13918:2008. Welded shear studs are currently the standard connector despite fatigue performance limitations. Hotfrog International Sites. 0% and 68. Share. The effects of adding waste tyre steel fibres to reduce cracking and crushing of normal concrete around shear studs in composite construction were studied. n s = number of shear studs to be welded on the exterior face of the HSS for anchorage. Menu. (10), and the T value is given by Eq. 754 (c) (1) (i): “Shear connectors (such as headed steel studs, steel bars or steel lugs), reinforcing bars, deformed anchors or threaded studs shall not be attached to the top flanges of beams, joists or beam attachments so that they project vertically from or horizontally across the. The result is saving on beam weights and reduced construction risk. 014. 13 H4L 205 101-053-010 studs in a plane perpendicular to the shear force and six H 16 H4L 68 101-053-012 times diameter in the direction of the shear force is generally 16 H4L 106. 4. 2. The first step towards the design recommendation is to understand the difference between the headed shear studs and the bolted shear connectors in a push-out test. The bearing capacity of shear stud connectors from the simplified design equations in different building codes tends to be underestimated because of a relatively large safety factor. The double shear, guillotine tests were conducted with a three plate fixture. 5. The shear connection needs to be verified at Standards New Zealand: Wellington. 6 Cast-in Anchor NZS 3101:2006, Clause 17. We also offer a full supply & install service for all types of. 2: 2003 Australian/New Zealand Standard – Structural Stud Welding BS 5400: 2005 Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges GB/T 10433: 2002 Cheese Head Studs for Arc Stud Welding. D2L Deformed Bar Anchors. Obviously, at the top of the cruciform column alignment until the composite column runs, the minimum number of shear stud should be used for the joint performance of the steel and concrete columns. 8 Nelson Stud Welding - NZ Nelson Stud Welding has been operating in New Zealand for 40 years, with operating bases in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. Using the ABAQUS software, this article presents a numerical investigation on the effects of various stud distributions on the behavior of composite beams. 98. Therefore, investigating the shear behavior of stud–PBL composite shear connectors for steel–ceramsite. O. Associates has been supplying and servicing customers throughout New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, into New England and Canada with stud welding supplies, equipment, and general support since 1972. d5±0. As shown in Fig. This is a preprint of the following paper submitted to the Journal of. The most common size of studs used in building construc-tion is :-inch diameter.